Global environmental issues

There where three factors that caused the human impact on earth's ecological system. The first was the explosion of human numbers, the population of human quadruple in one single century. Second, was the ability for humans to tap the energy potential fossil fuels which then cause humans to make new resources. Lastly, the contribution to environmental transformation caused an economic growth because with science the production of goods increased. Because of these factors many forest and grasslands where used as cropland which meant that many of plants and animals began to disappear. This was not the only problem because then came pollution in many cities which killed around 35,000 people every year.
In the first half of the twentieth century people began to be aware that they needed to preserve land form human disruption. It was not until the second half of the twentieth century that people began to respond. In the early 1990s around 14 million Americans began to join environmental organizations, because they where scared that the contamination would threaten their lives, animals, and plants. Many movements began to happen when companies wanted changes in political and social structure of their countries. Because of all the environmental problem happening in the late twentieth century businesses where pushed into a "green" direction. And people had to alter their way of life.

Religious Fundamentalism

Supernatural religion was headed to extinction in the face of modernity, science, communism, or globalization. In many places like Britain, France, the Netherlands, and the Soviet Union the religious belief and practice had began to decline. The spread of scientific culture around the world began to pursued minorities. This meant that as religion decreased, science increase. People were more involved in science rather than in their religious faith or believes. Many people believe in the idea that they opposed any modern ideas, they wanted to stay with the faith that they believed in. They wanted to return to the scriptures, the virgin birth and physical resurrection of Jesus, and a belief in miracles. Fundamentalist wanted to return America into the "Godly" path. In the Islamic world they also wanted to return the Islamic principals, they wanted to use the Quran and the Sharia which provided a guide for all of life, political, economic, and spiritual. A while after in the Islamic world people became more religiously observant, and began to dress in their Islamic dress. During the time of religious fundamentalism was to challenge global modernity on culture and spiritual grounds. They wanted to return back to their religion after many things that changed during the scientific revolution that caused many things to change and where people forgot about their faith.

Feminist movements around the world

The 20th century witness the globalization of feminism, where they wanted to address the concerns of women took shape across the world. Feminism took hold in many cultural and political settings, where they confronted different issues, adopted different strategies, and experienced many outcomes. In the west women were most focus on employment and education rather than voting rights. The women of African decent in the United States and Britain established their own organizations, and they focused on racism and poverty. Their rights where different as the normal white women, they where treated differently. The most affected  women where the ones who lived in poverty because they did not have as much rights as the middle or higher class women.
Science and the secular focus of global modernity began to challenge the beliefs of supernatural religion. but then technology was seen as a way to communicate their ideas and  beliefs. Religion began to open up more to new ideas. This is really good because the world began to become more modern and if religion did not change people would not of continued following.

Economic globalization; American exceptionalism in the post-modern world

Globalization became a huge part of the world. Globalization is the immense growth in the international economic transactions. It has been said that globalization was a natural process, inevitable, and unstoppable. I do not think that there was a way to stop it, because in order for us to evolve they world had to go through a lot of change.  Technology was a major contribution to the acceleration of the economic globalization. An example is shipping huge oil tankers, and air express services lowered transportation cost but fiber optic cables and the internet provided the communication. During the 1970s it seemed as entire world was a "single market".

Money became an amazing mobility in three ways. First the foreign direct investment where rich countries take advantage of cheap labor, tax breaks and looser environmental regulations. Second the form of money in motion has been in short- term movement and where investors spend trillions of dollars purchasing foreign currencies and stocks, that they think will increase in value. Lastly, capital movement involved the personal funds of individual. Many people also migrated into other countries in search of better job. Many also left home because of political oppression or civil war at home.

Putin's challenge

The Ubykh no longer exist in their homeland,but there are around 40,000 living in Turkey and many more families in other countries. The last remaining Ubykh speaker dying was in 1992. They are concerned that in the coming decades, the Circassian culture and identity may be completely destroyed and forgotten. During the 19th century many of the the Circassians fought so weak that the Russians decided to remove them from there land, either by death or deportation. Around 1.5 million Circassian were killed. The President Vladimir Putin gave his speech to the International Olympic Committee in 2007. He described Sochi as a place inhabited by ancient Greeks and does not mention of the Circassians.

The Circassians are also proud of their identity as Muslims and played a  central role in the history of Islam. Those who where able to survive the battles in the mountains were forced into camps on the Black Sea coast. Then where loaded on ships towards Turkey. Adolph Petrovich Berzhe, a Russian scholar said," I shall never forget the overwhelming impression made on me by the mountaineers in Novorossiisk Bay, where about seventeen thousand of them were gathered on the shore. The late, inclement and cold time of year,/ young Circassian woman lying in rags on the damp ground under the open sky with two infants, one struggling in his death-throws while the other sought to assuage his hunger at his dead mother's breast?" This is really sad because most of the children where not only dying of the cold but also because of hunger. The only country who gave them the most rights to Circassians is Israel. They are allowed to preserve "every single aspect of our identity. 

Putin is thinking of  promoting the modern and multiethnic new Russia. If he does continue on his vision is to extend human rights, dignity with full respect for identity, democratic representation and economic opportunities to all citizens. This will be the only way to ensure a progressive, secure and stable Russia. I do not think that it is right for the government to decide whether a group of people should be extinct and be forgotten because everyone comes from different places and those beliefs and ways go being can not be easy to forget. 

Post- colonial Africa and Asia

Mandela was a South African nationalist leader who was taken to trial for sabotage, and conspiracy to overthrow the apartheid government of his country. He was in prison for 27 years, and was released from prison in 1990. When he was released from prison four years later in 1994, South Africa held his first election in which blacks and white were able to vote, and he became the first black African president. Mandela wanted to free the African from the whites, the whites wanted to keep controlling which was unfair for the Africans who wanted to start a new life.

At the end of the twentieth century the end of the european empires seemed as something natural. It was like everyone knew that it was going to happen at any time. Many where predicting that it would happen and the idea that the only legitimate government is self-government. With the fall of the european colonial empires new nation-states became to rise.  During this time millions of people decided to join Gandhi's nonviolent campaigns, many went on strikes and others joined political parties. Gandhi was a person who believed in avoiding any violence, but I think that during that time they had to gain independence no matter what way even if they had to be violent or not. Gandhi also opposed many things like modern industrial future.

The Cold War

There was a lot of conflict between the military, between Eastern and Western Europe called the iron curtain. Europe had been divided, there was a lot of tension especially in Berlin. The most hunting battle in the cold war era was the one that never happened. It took place in Cuba when Fidel Castro took power in 1959, the nationalization of American assets provoked great U.S. hostility and efforts to over throw his regime. The Americans wanted to overthrow Cuba but the Soviet Union wanted Cuba to turn communist. I think that the U.S. had a fear that that Cuba was going to stay communist and in some way harm them.
There are two failures of the communist experience. the first was economic, communist economics by the late 1970s showed signs of catching up to more advanced capitalist countries. The second failure was moral. The horrors of Stalin's terror and the gulag, of Mao's culture revolution, approaching genocide in communist Cambodia. All this for away at communist clams to moral superiority over capitalism. The communist leaders were aware of this problems but the way they were approached were not the best.

The Collapse and Recovery of Europe

After the war all the soldiers were coming back home, and the government had decided to help them by creating "homes for heroes" which were housing programs. But because of the war the traditional ways had been broken, women's gained the right to vote, and women were expressing more sexuality. At that time women's felt more free after men had left to war, so when men came back women's did not want to go back to what they were before. I think that they wanted to gain more respect and have more rights. The Great Depression in 1929 was a huge loss for everyone even the rich people. For the rich it meant contracting stock prices that wiped out paper fortunes almost overnight. The Great Depression also was the lost of work. Then the second world war was the most destructive conflict in world history , with many deaths around 60 millions. The new technologies of warfare, heavy bombers, jet fighters, missiles, and atomic bomb were the most responsible for all the casualties. Because of the war it drew women into both industry and the military.

Culture during the Colonial era

For a majority of people education meant a new identity, because this gave them the knowledge of reading, and writing. This was like a magical power that they were getting. Education gave access to better-paying positions in government. Education was the secret of richness. For India and Africa European education was an instrument of progress and liberation from the stranglehold of tradition. Even though the africans wanted to learn to become better the europeans still did not see them as men. James Aggrey says" we were created in the image of God, but men have made us think that we were chickens, and we still think we are; but we are eagles. Stretch forth our wings and fly." This meant that after they were getting educated Africans understood that they were not chickens, that they were more than that and they were capable of learning and doing great things. Which I think is true because when people are told they are something and that have no way of knowing they are not they will keep on believing that.

Second Wave of European colonialist. The "Scramble for Africa"

The european motives and activities were shaped by the military capacity and economic power that the Industrial Revolution conveyed. The construction of the second wave European empires in the Afro- Asian wold, empires everywhere. The europeans had a lot of advancement in their military and firepower and machine guns. But why then the europeans would say that they proffered informal control, for it was cheaper and less likely to provoke wars. They still went on and had to fight long and hard to be able to create their new empires

Industrial Revolution

It seems that Europe in a way was taking advantage of all the other countries. Because other countries would produce things but the ones who would get a goos profit and make money was Britain and England. I also think that with the industrial revolution people's lives would be dramatically changed. According to the book it says "for many people it was enormously painful, even a traumatic process, full of social conflict, insecurity, and false start of new opportunities". To me it was more of taking advantage of the people because even though they worked they were not paid well.

Abolition of slavery

In the Haitian Revolution the slaves made up the vast majority of its population. Even though they made up the vast population, the white people did not want equal treatment for all the people regardless of race. As Haiti became independent, and break from Europe. After that they declared all citizens legally equal regardless of race, color, or class. I think this was something really good for the slaves working because that meant they where going to become free, and where going to have rights. Slavery was legal for a long time, but by the time that many countries where becoming independent they began to ban slavery. Many began to have petitions to parliament, lawsuits, boycotts of slave - produced sugar. Following the independence of most Latin American countries abolished slavery by the 1850s.

The French Revolution

I think that the peasants did a good job on attacking the castles and burning there dues and payments. Because the only ones that were getting affected of the higher taxes were the peasants. The wealth and the middle- class had the money to pay them, but the peasants where going through low income and unemployment. After all the people getting killed in the guillotine, I think it was a good idea that French revolutionaries wanted to start from scratch and looked to the future. Everyone began to see them selfs as belonging to a nation. When Napoleon imposed the end of feudalism, proclaiming equality of rights, religious tolerance, codifying the laws, and rationalizing government administration.

The Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution altered ideas about the place of humankind. They began to challenge the ideas of the church. Even though religion today is seen as something good because it is helpful for everyone. At the beginning of the Scientific Revolution the science wanted to legitimize racial and gender inequalities, by defining people of color and women being inferior. It seemed unfair that they would classify people. The Enlightenment thinking was directed against the superstition, ignorance, and corruption of established religion. I agree with the idea that the church was corrupted and many of the things that were being told to the people was to control them.

Religion and Their Power

Religion had the most power, but people began to see the down side of the church. The luxurious life of the opes, the corruption and immorality of some clergy, the church Church's selling indulgences. Then came Martin Luther who believed that the only way you would go to heaven is believing in the Bible, not the teachings of the church. I feel that this is true because the church was being corruptive, and I do not think this made people believe on what they would say.

The Atlantic Slave Trade

During the mid- fifteenth to the mid- nineteenth century the trade of 11 million African societies were being shipped across the Atlantic taking them to the Americas. Even though millions of them died in the process of capture and transport. They were not treaded like humans, they had forced labor, beating, and broken families. It was terrible that they were being treated that way when the european were being enriched. The slaves had no freedom and the worst part was that in some places their children also inherited the slave status of their parents. Those children did not have the opportunity to chose what to do with their own life. Slaves were seen as "dehumanized property, lacking any rights in the society of their owners."In the table we can see that at the mid- fifteenth century there was a rise in slave trade up to eighteenth century. Then there was a decline on the slave trade .

Sugar Production

There was four aspects of the sugar production. First, it grew better in the hot, moist areas. Second, sugar production is exceptionally labor-intensive. This meant that it required labor to be available year round. Third, sugar is viable when produced in large scale. Fourth, production of sugar for the market requires an initial stage of processing, making it. Sugar was definitly a type of production that was really intensive to get done. Especially for the enslaved African who were working in the production. The production of the sugar got more intensive as sugar became more popular. At the beginning sugar was only used as a medicine, but then everyone began to use it as a sweetener. There was more demand of sugar and the African had to work more.

Yay- I'm done!